Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
In recent years, reports of repetitive motion injuries have risen dramatically in workplaces across the country. These problems, frequently termed "Cumulative Trauma Disorders" are being reported
at alarming rates in all types of workplaces - from meatpacking plants to newspaper pressrooms. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, disorders associated with repeated trauma account for
about 60% of all occupational illnesses. Of all these disorders, carpal tunnel syndrome is the condition most frequently reported.
- What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)?
- What are the Symptoms of CTS?
- What Causes CTS?
- How Large a Problem is CTS?
- Prevention
- Treatment
What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)?
The carpal tunnel receives its name from the 8 bones in the wrist, called carpals, that form
a tunnel-like structure. The tunnel is filled with flexor tendons which control finger movement. It also provides a pathway for the median nerve to reach sensory cells in the hand. Repetitive
flexing and extension of the wrist may cause a thickening of the protective sheaths which surround each of the tendons. The swollen tendon sheaths, or tenosynovitis, apply increased pressure on the
median nerve and produce Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS).
What are the Symptoms of CTS?
The symptoms of CTS often first appear as painful tingling in one or both hands during the
night, frequently painful enough to disturb sleep. Accompanying this is a feeling of uselessness in the fingers, which are sometimes described as feeling swollen, even though little or no swelling
is apparent. As symptoms increase, tingling may develop during the day, commonly in the thumb, index, and ring fingers. A decreased ability and power to squeeze things may follow. In advanced
cases, the thenar muscle at the base of the thumb atrophies, and strength is lost.
Many patients with CTS are unable to differentiate hot from cold by touch, and experience an apparent loss of strength in their fingers. They appear clumsy in that they have trouble performing simple tasks such as tying their shoes or picking up small objects.
What Causes CTS?
As stated earlier, swelling of the tendons that line the carpal tunnel causes CTS. Although
there are many reasons for developing this swelling of the tendon, it can result from repetitive and forceful movements of the wrist during work and leisure activities. Research conducted by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) indicates that job tasks involving highly repetitive manual acts, or necessitating wrist bending or other stressful wrist postures, are
connected with incidents of CTS or related problems. The use of vibrating tools also may contribute to CTS. Moreover, it is apparent that this hazard is not confined to a single industry or job but
occurs in many occupations especially those in the manufacturing sector. Indeed, jobs involving cutting, small parts assembly, finishing, sewing, and cleaning seem predominantly associated with the
syndrome. The factor common in these jobs is the repetitive use of small hand tools.
How Large a Problem is CTS?
In the past ten years, more and more cases of workers afflicted with CTS have been reported
in medical literature. One reason for this increase may be that automation and job specialization have fragmented workers' tasks to the point where a given job may involve only a few manipulations
performed thousands of times per workday. Increased awareness of work-related risk factors in the onset of CST is reflected in the growing number of requests for health hazard evaluations (HHEs)
received by NIOSH to investigate such suspected problems. NIOSH received about three times as many HHE requests related to hand and wrist pain in 1992 as compared to 1982.
Prevention
Recommendations for controlling carpal tunnel syndrome have focused on ways to relieve
awkward wrist positions and repetitive hand movements, and to reduce vibration from hand tools. Redesigning tools or tool handles to enable the user's wrist to maintain a more natural position
during work is recommended. Other recommendations have involved modified layouts of work stations. Still other approaches include altering the existing method for performing the job task, providing
more frequent rest breaks, and rotating workers across jobs. As a means of prevention, tool and process redesign are preferable to administrative means such as job rotation.
The frequency and severity of CTS can be minimized through training programs that increase worker awareness of symptoms and prevention methods, and through proper medical management of injured workers.
Treatment
First and foremost we recommend that treatment for CTS be conservative and noninvasive.
Surgery to release the compression on the median nerve has mixed outcomes and should be viewed only as a last resort after all conservative methods have failed. Chiropractors treat many patients
suffering from CTS with great success.
Conservative chiropractic treatments include:
- eliminating or minimizing exposure to the repetitive task which led to CTS
- avoiding other repetitive wrist motions
- wrist mobilization and manipulation
- ice applications
- wrist exercises and stretches
- vitamin supplementation to reduce swelling (vitamin B6 has been shown effective)
- use of a "cock-up" wrist splint
- avoid sleeping on hands
